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Joseph Smith Fought Polygamy
Volume I
How Men Nearest
the Prophet Attached Polygamy to His Name
in Order to Justify Their Own Polygamous Crimes
By Richard and
Pamela Price |
"What a thing it is
for a man to be accused of committing adultery, and having seven
wives,
when I can only find one"—Joseph Smith (LDS
History of the Church 6:411).
[ Joseph
Smith Fought Polygamy Index ]
Chapter 16
Bennett's Polygamy Charges and the Saints' Responses
In order to grasp the full significance of Dr. John Bennett's
attack on Joseph Smith and the Church, it is necessary to examine
more of the details of his charges and the responses which the
Saints made to them. General Bennett falsely declared in his infamous
letters that Joseph introduced "a new degree of masonry [in
the Nauvoo Masonic Lodge] called, 'Order Lodge'" (Quincy
Whig, July 26,1842), in which leading men of Nauvoo promoted
their polygamous activities. In his third letter, written at Carthage
on July 4, l842, Bennett published:
JOE's HOLY LODGE CALLED "ORDER." I alluded to this
holy institution in one of my former letters. Joe says he has
given them [members of the alleged lodge] the Master's word
by revelation. In the preparation [to become members] they are
stripped naked so as to see if they will pass the holy examination
as required in Deuteronomy, 23d chapter and 1st verse. They
are then clothed upon and the precious ointment poured upon
the head, running down upon the beard, and the skirts of the
garment. The ungodly oath, a part of which I gave you, is then
administered in order to prepare them for SPIRITUAL WIFE operations,
and save Joe from public disgrace and infamy. (Sangamo
Journal, July 15, 1842; see also Bennett, History
of the Saints, 275)
Such a claim by Bennett, a Mason, naturally caused many Masons
to have great animosity against Joseph.
Joseph Likened to Matthias
Editor James Gordon Bennett of the New
York Herald read the above statement in Dr. Bennett's
third letter and commented through his paper that perhaps Joseph
Smith had "a secret lodge of women" too. This suggestion
by the Herald editor gave Dr. Bennett
a new field of thought—so he invented another story. In
Bennett's fourth letter, which was published in the Louisville
Journal, the doctor wrote:
"In the New York Herald, of the 26th inst., the editor
says, 'This presents a strange and curious state of things for
the centre of the nineteenth century; and the developments are
the most remarkable we ever heard of. The initiatory proceedings
at Joe's "Order Lodge" resemble those practised by
Matthias at Pearson's house, only his members were females,
and they danced around a stone, whilst Matthias anointed them.
But, perhaps, after all, Joe Smith has a secret lodge of women!
We shall see.' Yes [Dr. Bennett answered], Joe has
a secret lodge of women! and the editor will
see. Joe's female lodge (the Mormon inquisition, and
seraglio) is the most singular thing of the age." (Bennett,
History of the Saints, 217)
By republishing the response of the Herald
editor to the "Order Lodge" claims, Dr. Bennett
was likening Joseph to the highly publicized Matthias (see Dean
C. Jessee, The Papers of Joseph Smith,
1:499–500; Whitney R. Cross, The Burned-over
District, 39). Some of the Saints at Nauvoo had met Matthias
personally at Kirtland in 1835. Matthias went to Kirtland, where
he used a fictitious name and tried to palm himself off on Joseph
and the Church as a Jewish priest. Joseph recorded:
"Monday morning, 9th [November 1835]....
"While sitting in my house, between ten and eleven this
morning, a man came in and introduced himself to me by the name
of 'Joshua, the Jewish Minister'.... We soon commenced talking
on the subject of religion.... Curiosity to see a man that was
reputed to be a Jew, caused many to call during the day, and
more particularly in the evening. Suspicions were entertained
that the said Joshua was the noted Matthias of New York, spoken
so much of in the public prints, on account of the trials he
endured in that place, before a court of justice, for murder....
After some equivocating, he confessed that he really was Matthias.
After supper I proposed that he should deliver a lecture to
us. He did so.... After the congregation dispersed, he conversed
freely upon the circumstances that transpired at New York. His
name is Robert Matthias. He says that Joshua is his priestly
name....
Tuesday, 10th. I resumed conversation with Matthias.... I
told him that his doctrine was of the devil.... He tarried until
Wednesday, 11th, after breakfast, when I told him, that my God
told me, that his god was the devil, and I could not keep him
any longer, and he must depart. And so I, for once, cast out
the devil in bodily shape, and I believe a murderer." (
Millennial Star 15 [Saturday, June
18, 1853]: 396–397; ibid. 15 [Saturday, July 2, 1853]:
422; RLDS History of the Church
1:598–600; LDS History of the Church
2:304–307)
The reported activities of Matthias are another evidence that
polygamy was practiced in early America.
Bennett Described the Fictitious Seraglio
In order to include women in his supposed "lodge,"
Bennett immediately began writing a story in which he charged
that the Church's Ladies' Relief Society at Nauvoo, of which the
Prophet's wife, Emma, was president, was a "seraglio."
He stated that the Relief Society was composed of women who were
practicing the doctrine of plural marriage for time and eternity
with the high officials of the Church. In order to make his story
sound more authentic, the shrewd doctor also published what he
claimed was a copy of the plural marriage ceremony that was supposedly
used in the lodge. Dr. Bennett declared:
The most extraordinary and infamous feature of the social and
religious system established by the Mormon Prophet, and one
in which he closely resembles his master and model, Mahomet
[Muhammad], is the secret regulations he has formed for directing
the relations of the sexes.... The Mormon seraglio is very strictly
and systematically organized. It forms a grand lodge, as it
were, and is divided into three distinct orders, or degrees.
The first and lowest of these is styled the "Cyprian
Saints;" the second, the "Chambered
Sisters of Charity ;" and the third and highest
degree is called the "Cloistered Saints,"
or "Consecratees of the Cloister."
(Bennett, History of the Saints,
218, 220)
In the above, Bennett was comparing Joseph with the polygamist,
Muhammad, founder of the Islamic religion.
The Cyprian Saints
Bennett declared that the lowest degree in the lodge was made
up of "many young and beautiful females," for the "gratification
of the vilest appetites of the brutal Priests and Elders of the
Mormon Church." He declared that the Relief Society through
"secret and select council" either found girls who were
guilty of promiscuity or those to whom they could attach guilt
by gossip, and that the Relief Society members then brought them
before a council called the "Inquisition." He asserted
that the young women were harangued and terrorized until they
agreed to be prostitutes for the leading officials of the Church.
According to Bennett, after a girl made this agreement, she was
called "a Cyprian" of the "White Veil" (see
ibid., 220–221). According to the doctor, no marriage ceremonies
occurred in the lower group. They were but concubines. Bennett
then asked the question, "Was there ever known, in the history
of the world, a more diabolical system than this?" (ibid.,
221).
The Chambered Sisters of Charity
Bennett stated that in this middle group there also were no
marriage ceremonies. He wrote:
This order comprises that class of females who indulge their
sensual propensities, without restraint, whether married or
single, by the express permission of the Prophet.... Provided
the Holy Joe does not desire to monopolize any of them, they
are at the service of each and all of the Apostles, High Priests,
and Elders of Israel. (ibid., 221–222)
The Cloistered Saints
Bennett asserted that the highest degree in the seraglio consisted
of women who actually married leading men of the Church for time
and eternity—becoming plural wives. He wrote:
Its ranks are filled up in the following manner: When an Apostle,
High Priest, Elder, or Scribe, conceives an affection for a
female, and he has satisfactorily ascertained that she experiences
a mutual flame, he communicates confidentially to the Prophet
his affaire du coeur, and requests
him to inquire of the Lord whether or not it would be right
and proper for him to take unto himself the said woman for his
spiritual wife. It is no obstacle whatever to this spiritual
marriage if one or both of the parties should happen to have
a husband or wife, already united to them according to the laws
of the land.
The Prophet puts this queer question to the Lord, and, if
he receives an answer in the affirmative, which is always the
case where the parties are in favor with Joe, His Holiness,
either in person or by a duly-authorized administrator, proceeds
to concecrate the sacred sister in the following solemn manner...
(ibid., 223).
After giving a purported marriage ceremony, Dr. Bennett assured
his readers that,
The above is a faithful and unexaggerated account of the most
enormous and detestable system of depravity that was ever concocted
by the corrupt heart of a human being ... by the arch villain
... this brutally sensual wretch.... The imposture of Joseph
Smith has never had its parallel.... I can only say that I have
not told the tenth part of the Prophet's licentiousness. (ibid.,
225)
Bennett Published an Alleged
Plural-Marriage-for-Time-and-Eternity Ceremony
After publishing what he claimed was the men's Order Lodge in
which Church leaders allegedly prepared for spiritual wifery,
and the story of the women's lodge, Bennett carried the whole
matter of the seraglio one step further by publishing a plural
marriage ceremony that was supposedly used within the Church.
Bennett stated:
The parties [the man and woman] assemble in the lodge room,
and place themselves kneeling before the altar; the administrator
commences the ceremony by saying,—
"You, separately and jointly, in the name of Jesus Christ,
the Son of God, do solemnly covenant and agree that you will
not disclose any matter relating to the sacred act now in progress
of consummation, whereby any Gentile shall come to a knowledge
of the secret purposes of this order, or whereby the Saints
may suffer persecution; your lives being the forfeit."
After the bow of assent is given by each of the pair, the
administrator then proceeds—
"In the name of Jesus Christ, and by the authority of
the holy priesthood, I now consecrate you and set you apart
by the imposition of my hands, as husband and wife, according
to the laws of Zion, and the will of God our heavenly Father;
for which especial favor you now agree to serve him with a perfect
heart and a willing mind, and to obey his Prophet in all things
according to his divine will."
Again the nod of assent is given by the man and woman, and
the administrator continues in a solemn and impressive manner—
"I now anoint you with holy, consecrated oil, in the
name of Jesus Christ, and by the authority of the holy priesthood,
that you may be fully and unreservedly consecrated to each other,
and to the service of God, and that with affection and fidelity
you may nourish and cherish each other, so long as you shall
continue faithful and true in the fellowship of the Saints;
and I now pronounce upon you the blessings
of Jacob, whom God honored and protected in the enjoyment
of like special favors; and may the peace of Heaven, which passeth
all understanding, rest upon you in time
and in eternity !"
The parties then rise and embrace each other, and the robe
of investiture is placed upon and around them by the administrator,
who says,—
"According to the prototype, I now pronounce you one
flesh, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and
of the Holy Ghost. Amen."
The robe is then removed, and the parties leave the cloister,
with generally a firm belief, at least on the part of the female,
in the sacredness and validity of the ceremonial, and thereafter
consider themselves as united in spiritual marriage, the duties
and privileges of which are in no particular different from
those of any other marriage covenant. (ibid., 223–224;
italics added)
The Significance of the Plural Marriage Ceremony
Perhaps members of the Mormon Church will see a resemblance
between Bennett's plural marriage ceremony published here, and
that used in their temples. The second paragraph should be noted
for the threat it carries, stating that the couple's lives will
be forfeited if they disclose the secret nature of the ceremonies.
Since the days of Brigham Young, threats have been a part of the
LDS Church's temple ceremonies.
The middle paragraphs employ language found among the Saints,
such as "according to the laws of Zion," which could
have only been written by one who had been closely associated
with the Church, as Bennett had been. The fact that he had been
a member of the Church made the doctor all the more cunning and
deceptive. The use of the term "the blessings of Jacob"
is another example of the attempt by Bennett to make his marriage
ceremony sound authentic, so it would appear that polygamy was
practiced at Nauvoo under Joseph's guidance. It was a cunning
move by the doctor to make reference to the Bible account of Jacob
who had two wives and two concubines. It is true that Jacob was
a polygamist, but his polygamy was never divinely approved. In
fact, the practicing of polygamy in Old Testament times (the period
in which Jacob lived) is strongly condemned in the Book of Mormon
(RLDS Jacob 2:32–37; LDS Jacob 2:23–28).
The Significance of the "Time and Eternity"
Phrase
In making his concocted story of an alleged plural marriage
ceremony more realistic to the public, Dr. Bennett's evil mind
made use of the phrase "time and eternity," which was
a term familiar to members of the Church. As early as 1831 the
Lord used these words in a revelation in which He stated that
they who received His words "shall be gathered unto me in
time and in eternity" (RLDS DC 39:5c; LDS DC 39:22).
Bennett's patriarchal blessing, pronounced upon his head by
Hyrum Smith in 1840, states that if Bennett would be faithful,
"Thou shalt have an inheritance among the Saints
in time and in eternity, for this is the will of God"
(Bennett, History of the Saints, 43;
italics added). In order to make his plural marriage charges against
Joseph sound more scriptural and convincing, Bennett maliciously
wove the "in time and in eternity" phrase into them.
His wordage gave the doctrine a "Latter Day Saint tone."
Bennett's phraseology made it easier for Brigham Young and his
associates to transfer plural marriage into the Church after Joseph's
death.
The real significance of the phrase "time and eternity"
was that it not only made plural marriage sound pious, but also
the word eternity, in this case, meant
that the marriages so contracted were to continue after death—throughout
eternity. Here in one simple phrase was born a theology that has
filled books, and has ruined the lives of many Saints and families
in the LDS Church. From it came the idea of sex and childbearing
in the hereafter—and the doctrine of endless dominions,
exaltation, and godhood—which naturally spawned the doctrines
of Adam-god and blood atonement.
Bennett's Charges Refuted by the Church
When Joseph, Hyrum, and other leading men and women of the Church
read the seraglio story with its false marriage ceremony, they
took action because they wanted the Saints and the world to know
that no such marriage system existed within the Church. They knew
that no such thing had ever been taught and practiced in Nauvoo
with Joseph's consent. The Church's efforts at rebuttal included
statements by Joseph and others which denied the doctor's accusations.
In addition to the Prophet's efforts to stop the rumors, the Ladies'
Relief Society came forth with a certificate which stated that
Joseph was innocent. A group of prominent men also made affidavit
denying the existence of the seraglio, and affirming that they
knew of no marriage system in the Church other than the one found
in the Doctrine and Covenants. And Joseph's brother, Apostle William
Smith, editor of the Nauvoo Wasp,
was quick to deny Bennett's charges and exonerate Joseph.
Editor Joseph Smith Answered the Plural Marriage
Charges
It is surprising how much Joseph published to refute Bennett's
evil stories when one considers that the Prophet was in hiding
much of the time and was always burdened with Church affairs.
As editor of the Times and Seasons,
Joseph denounced polygamy over and over and printed affidavits
declaring his innocence. When the July 8 and July 15 issues of
the Sangamo Journal reached Nauvoo,
containing some of Dr. Bennett's letters, Joseph published eleven
pages of statements and affidavits to prove Bennett's declarations
false (see Times and Seasons 3 [August
1, 1842]: 868–878). William Smith responded likewise with
lengthy rebuttals in the Wasp.
Joseph wrote of Bennett:
He professed to be virtuous and chaste, yet did he pierce the
heart of the innocent, introduce misery and infamy into families,
reveled in voluptuousness and crime, and led the youth that
he had influence over to tread in his unhallowed steps;—he
professed to fear God, yet did he desecrate his name, and prostitute
his authority to the most unhallowed and diabolical purposes;
even to the seduction of the virtuous, and the defiling of his
neighbor's bed.... [H]e has published that the conduct of the
Saints was bad—that Joseph Smith and many others were
adulterers, murderers ... that we believed
in and practiced polygamy. (Times
and Seasons 3 [August 1, l842]: 868–869; italics
added)
It is most important to note that Joseph stated that the devious
doctor had accused him of practicing polygamy,
and that Joseph devoted most of this issue of the Times
and Seasons to prove that Bennett's charges in this regard
were false. If Joseph had been guilty of polygamy and yet published
all this evidence claiming that he was not, then he was the greatest
liar in history. But there is ample evidence that he was innocent,
just as he claimed to be.
Within the eleven pages which Joseph published he mentioned
"a meeting of the citizens of the city of Nauvoo" which
was held at the "meeting ground" on July 22,1842. At
this gathering "about a thousand men" voted that Joseph
was innocent of Bennett's charges, which included polygamy. Another
petition was also signed by many nonmembers who declared the same
(ibid., 869). Included in Joseph's eleven pages were affidavits
and certificates (some of which have been previously quoted) made
by Hyrum Smith, William Law, Daniel Wells, Elias and Francis Higbee,
Pamela Michael, Sidney Rigdon, and William and Henry Marks—exposing
Bennett's evil and upholding Joseph's innocence. Of this list,
all but Hyrum had been called upon by Bennett to "come out"
and publish a statement against Joseph in the newspapers. Instead,
they all wrote statements exonerating the Prophet.
On September 1, 1842, thirty days after Bennett's seraglio story
was published, Joseph wrote a letter "To All the Saints in
Nauvoo." In this letter (now a part of the Doctrine and Covenants),
the Prophet assured the Saints that he was innocent of all the
plural marriage charges against him by writing:
Forasmuch as the Lord has revealed unto me that my enemies,
both in Missouri and this state, were again on the pursuit of
me; and inasmuch as they pursue me without a cause, and have
not the least shadow or coloring of justice or right on their
side in the getting up of their prosecutions against me; and
inasmuch as their pretensions are all founded
in falsehood of the blackest dye, I have thought it expedient
and wisdom in me to leave the place for a short season, for
my own safety and the safety of this people. (RLDS DC 109:1a–b;
LDS DC 127:1; italics added)
By stating that "their pretentions are all founded in falsehood,"
the Prophet was once again declaring that the charges of polygamy
against him were false. In order to make his denial of that doctrine
more emphatic, Joseph also published the Church's law of marriage
which he had caused to be written in the Doctrine and Covenants
in 1835. (The concept of monogamy and the outlawing of polygamy
were plainly written into the basic Scriptures of the Restoration
long before the arrival of Dr. Bennett.) Therefore, in the September
1, 1842, issue of the Times and Seasons,
Editor Joseph Smith republished the following from the Doctrine
and Covenants:
Inasmuch as the public mind has been unjustly abused through
the fallacy of Dr. Bennett's letters, we make an extract on
the subject of marriage, showing the rule of the church on this
important matter. The extract is from the Book of Doctrine and
Covenants, and is the only rule
allowed by the church. All legal contracts of marriage made
before a person is baptized into this church, should be held
sacred and fulfilled. Inasmuch as this church of Christ has
been reproached with the crime of fornication, and polygamy:
we declare that we believe, that one man should have one wife;
and one woman, but one husband, except in case of death, when
either is at liberty to marry again. (Times
and Seasons 3:909; see also RLDS DC 111:4a–b;
italics added)
(As previously explained, the article on Marriage was Section
101 in the 1835 Edition, but was removed from the Mormon Church's
Doctrine and Covenants in 1876 when Brigham Young inserted Section
132 on polygamy. This is a prime example of how Brigham and his
associates changed basic doctrines of the Church—which made
their church a different denomination than the original Restoration
Movement.)
A month later, on October 1, 1842, to further emphasize the
law against polygamy and the Church's stand for monogamy, Joseph
reprinted more of the law of the Church on Marriage in the Times
and Seasons. He published:
From the Book of Doctrine & Covenants of
the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
ON MARRIAGE.
According to the custom of all civilized nations, marriage
is regulated by laws and ceremonies: therefore we believe, that
all marriages in this church of
Christ of Latter Day Saints, should be solemnized in a public
meeting, or feast, prepared for that purpose: and that
the solemnization should be performed by a presiding high priest,
high priest, bishop, elder, or priest, not even prohibiting
those persons who are desirous to get married, of being married
by other authority.—We believe that it is not right to
prohibit members of this church from marrying out of the church,
if it be their determination so to do, but such persons will
be considered weak in the faith of our Lord and Savior Jesus
Christ.
Marriage should be celebrated with prayer and thanksgiving;
and at the solemnization, the persons to be married, standing
together, the man on the right, and the woman on the
left, shall be addressed, by the person officiating, as he shall
be directed by the holy Spirit; and if there be no legal objections,
he shall say, calling each by their names: "You both mutually
agree to be each other's companion, husband and wife, observing
the legal rights belonging to this condition; that is, keeping
yourselves wholly for each other, and from all others,
during your lives." And when they have answered, "Yes,"
he shall pronounce them "husband and wife" in the
name of the Lord Jesus Christ, and by virtue of the laws of
the country and authority vested in him: "may God add his
blessings and keep you to fulfill your covenants from henceforth
and forever. Amen."
The clerk of every church [branch] should keep a record of
all marriages, solemnized in his branch.
All legal contracts of marriage made before a person is baptized
into this church, should be held sacred and fulfilled.
Inasmuch as this church of Christ has
been reproached with the crime of fornication, and polygamy:
we declare that we believe, that one man should have one wife;
and one woman, but one husband, except in case of death, when
either is at liberty to marry again....
We have given the above rule of marriage as the only
one practiced in this church, to show that Dr. J. C.
Bennett's "secret wife system" is a matter of his
own manufacture; and further to disabuse the public ear, and
shew that the said Bennett and his misanthropic friend Origen
Bachelor [who lectured with Bennett], are perpetrating a foul
and infamous slander upon an innocent people, and need but be
known to be hated and despised. (Times
and Seasons 3:939; italics added)
Note again that Joseph published that this marriage law was the
only rule of marriage in the Church.
If Joseph were truthful, then he was a monogamist and was honest
in declaring polygamy a false doctrine. If he were lying, he was
a sinner, a coward, and a fallen prophet. Section 101 (of the
1835 Edition of the Doctrine and Covenants) stated that "this
church of Christ has been reproached with the crime
of fornication, and polygamy," and that "one
man should have one wife." Joseph's republishing of the Church's
marriage law twice is evidence that he did not believe, teach,
nor countenance plural marriage in the Church, and that he went
to great lengths to make that fact a matter of public record.
Other differences, between the Church's official marriage law
and Bennett's fabrication, are that the marriage law states:
- That "all marriages in this church of Christ of Latter
Day Saints, should be solemnized in a public
meeting." According to Bennett's alleged plural
marriage ceremony, marriages were not conducted in a public
meeting, but in the secret Order Lodge;
- That the couple to be married should be "standing together,"
while Bennett's plural marriage document had them kneeling for
the ceremony;
- That the couple should keep "yourselves wholly for each
other, and from all others, during your lives." This precludes
any possibility of the husband being a polygamist, for he too
vows to keep himself "from all others";
- That the clerk of every congregation should "keep a record
of all marriages." If Joseph
had been married to twenty-seven wives (as declared by LDS Church
authorities), then twenty-seven primary marriage records would
still exist—and the Mormon Church would have published
them far and wide. It is a fact that not one primary marriage
record can be found for Joseph Smith, other than the record
of his marriage to Emma Hale in 1827.
Joseph, as editor, concluded the article in the Times
and Seasons by repeating that the above "rule of
marriage" was "the only one practiced in this church"
(ibid.). This was another definite statement by him which upholds
monogamy and disproves polygamy.
In that same issue of the Times and Seasons
Joseph published:
We have two presses doing as much as can be expected from the
limited resources of a people twice plucked up by the roots,
and plundered, even to their clothes, besides the loss of a
good printing establishment. As far as truth can be spread and
lies contradicted by two presses, against several thousand [presses],
it is done! and we have the gratification
of saying that things seem to work together for good to them
that look for the second appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ....
[A]nd we do sincerely hope, that we as children of the kingdom,
may keep the law of God, and the law of the land. (ibid. 937)
When "several thousand" presses throughout America,
and major cities in England and France, published Bennett's seraglio
story and the supposed plural marriage ceremony, Joseph did not
fight the battle alone. Leading men and women at Nauvoo promptly
published certificates denying Bennett's claims and upholding
Joseph's innocence.
Leading Men and Women Denounced Bennett's Polygamy
Story
In the same issue of the Times and Seasons
in which he republished the marriage law the second time,
Joseph also published two certificates to show that "Dr.
J. C. Bennett's 'secret wife system' is a matter of his own manufacture."
The certificate by leading men stated:
We the undersigned members of the church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints and residents of the city of Nauvoo, persons
of families do hereby certify and declare that we know of no
other rule or system of marriage than the one published from
the Book of Doctrine and Covenants, and we give this certificate
to show that Dr. J. C. Bennett's "secret wife system"
is a creature of his own make as we know of no such society
in this place nor never did.
| S. Bennett, |
N. K. Whitney, |
| George Miller, |
Albert Pettey, |
| Alpheus Cutler, |
Elias Higbee, |
| Reynolds Cahoon, |
John Taylor, |
| Wilson Law, |
E. Robinson, |
| W. Woodruff, |
Aaron Johnson. |
(Times and Seasons 3 [October
1, 1842]: 939–940)
These were men of prominence who were closely associated with
Joseph, who knew whether or not there was such a doctrine as plural
marriage being taught within the Church. The name of Brigham Young,
who was en route east on a mission, is missing from this list.
In June of 1842, four months before this certificate was published,
Brigham, who had a living wife, secretly married Mrs. Lucy Ann
Decker Seely as his first plural wife (see Stewart, Brigham
Young and His Wives, 85).
The signature of Judge Elias Higbee, stating that he knew of
no such doctrine as plural marriage for time and eternity, is
strong evidence in Joseph's behalf—for his sons, Francis
and Chauncey, had practiced spiritual wifery with Bennett, as
previously shown. Only truth could have caused this venerable
brother to stand for the Prophet and against his two sons. The
list includes the names of Bishop George Miller and Bishop Newel
K. Whitney. The names of Aaron Johnson and Alpheus Cutler also
appear—they were members of the Church's High Council. Apostle
John Taylor and Apostle Wilford Woodruff, who both later became
presidents of the Church in Utah, also signed the above. The signatures
of these leaders are testimonies that the plural marriage charges
were false—and that "Dr. J. C. Bennett's 'secret wife
system' is a creature of his own make as we know of no such society
in this place nor never did."
The Relief Society's Certificate against the
Polygamy Charges
The Ladies' Relief Society was only a few months old, having
had its first meeting on March 24,1842 (Times
and Seasons 3 [April 1, 1842]: 743). Imagine the extreme
disgust with which the ladies of Nauvoo viewed the story that
Bennett had written about their being a part of a harem! The seraglio
story incriminated them as much as it did the Prophet, since Bennett
had claimed that the chief purpose of the Relief Society was to
provide women for the plural marriage system. Accordingly, these
women came forward to declare that plural marriage was not taught
by Joseph, nor by the Church; neither was it a part of their organization,
but that it was a falsehood invented by John Bennett. Their certificate
read:
We the undersigned members of the ladies' relief society, and
married females do certify and declare that we know of no system
of marriage being practised in the church of Jesus Christ of
Latter Day Saints save the one contained in the Book of Doctrine
and Covenants, and we give this certificate to the public to
show that J. C. Bennett's "secret wife system" is
a disclosure of his own make.
| Emma Smith, President, |
| Elizabeth Ann Whitney, Counsellor, |
| Sarah M. Cleveland, Counsellor, |
| Eliza R. Snow, Secretary, |
| |
|
| Mary C. Miller, |
Catharine Pettey, |
| Lois Cutler, |
Sarah Higbee, |
| Thirza Cahoon, |
Phebe Woodruff, |
| Ann Hunter, |
Leonora Taylor, |
| Jane Law, |
Sarah Hillman, |
| Sophia R. Marks, |
Rosannah Marks, |
Polly Z. Johnson, |
Angeline Robinson, |
| Abigail Works. |
|
(Times and Seasons 3 [October 1,
1842]: 940)
These leaders of the Ladies' Relief Society were in most instances
wives of the Church's most prominent men. They knew there was
not a plural marriage system in the Church headed by Joseph. Their
signatures included the names of Emma Smith, wife of the Prophet;
Jane Law, wife of President William Law; Phebe Woodruff, wife
of Apostle Wilford Woodruff; Leonora Taylor, wife of Apostle John
Taylor; Rosannah Marks, wife of Nauvoo Stake President William
Marks; and Sarah Higbee, wife of Judge Elias Higbee and the mother
of Francis and Chauncey Higbee. Also signing the certificate was
Mary C. Miller, wife of Bishop George Miller; and Elizabeth Ann
Whitney, wife of Bishop Newell K. Whitney. Of great importance
is the name "Eliza R. Snow, Secretary," showing that
the statement she made in later years (that she was married to
Joseph Smith) was false. Eliza's signature attests to the fact
that she knew of "no system of marriage being practised in
the church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints save the one contained
in the Book of Doctrine and Covenants."
Conclusion
Joseph's frank and extensive sermons and writings against polygamy,
and his publishing of the Church's law of Marriage twice in 1842,
were positive evidences that he strongly opposed the doctrine
of polygamy in all forms. The certificates of leading men and
women, who associated daily with Emma and Joseph, are more proof
that Joseph was a monogamist. Their testimonies, and the fact
that Joseph fathered no children by any woman other than Emma,
would have convinced even the Utah Saints and the world that Joseph
was telling the truth, if Brigham had not secretly begun to put
Bennett's plural marriage system into practice before Joseph's
death, and made polygamy a cardinal doctrine following the martyrdom.
[ Joseph
Smith Fought Polygamy Index ]
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Chapter
15
